Modern Methods of Extraction = Microwave Assisted Extraction 01 | Basics of Phytochemistry (Part 07)
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Microwave Assisted Extraction
Microwaves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum of light with a range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz and wavelengths of these waves range from 1cm to 1m. These waves are made up of two perpendicular oscillating fields which are used as energy and information carriers. MAE involves the use of microwave energy to heat a solvent in contact with a sample, in order to remove the analytes from the sample matrix into the solvent or the acidic solution. MAE is based on the heating of the system due to the absorption of microwave energy by polar molecules.
The efficiency of MAE depends on several factors,
1. Solvent properties,
2. Sample material,
3. Components being extracted, and, specifically, on the respective dielectric constants.
The higher the dielectric constant, the increased amount of energy absorbed by the molecules, and the faster the system reaches the extraction temperature. The first application of microwaves includes their interaction with specific materials which can absorb a part of their electromagnetic energy and can convert it into heat. Commercial microwaves use 2450 MHz of energy for this purpose which is almost equivalent to 600-700W.
Principal of Microwave Assisted Extraction
Microwaves induce dipole rotation in organic molecules along with heating which causes the destruction of hydrogen bonding. This causes the following
1. The traffic of ions results in a heating effect due to increased kinetic energies of ions as well as friction between ions due to their continuous movements and change in directions.
2. Increases the penetrating efficiency of the solvents into the plant matrix
Heat is generated directly within the solvent by ionic conduction of the polar solvent's dipole rotation and dissolved ions. Accordingly, substances with low polarity are not heated while exposed to microwaves. Rapidly generated heat during microwave exposure, induces the formation of water vapor in the cell, which eventually causes rupture and further leakage and release of intracellular components efficiently destroys plant cell walls, and enables intracellular substances to be accessed with the extraction solvent. The heat, is led by an electroporation effect. MAE is regarded as a rapid, simple, safe, effective, and economical method for extraction. Microwave radiation enhances the evaporation of raw material residual water and eventually breaks the plant cell walls to promote extraction through internal diffusion.
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