Anatomy & Physiology (103) Endocrine System Basic Introduction |Hormones | Types of Hormones HAP
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Pituitary Gland Hormones Function | Pituitary Gland Hormones | Hormones Secreted from Pituitary - • Pituitary Gland Hormones Function | P...
Hormones are biochemical substances produced by the endocrine glands, acting as messengers that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs to regulate various bodily functions. These functions include growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood regulation, among others. Each hormone targets specific cells, binding to receptors and triggering specific physiological responses.
Hormones can be classified into different types, such as peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and amine hormones, each with distinct structures and mechanisms of action. The balance of hormone levels is tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms to ensure the body's homeostasis. An imbalance in hormone levels can lead to a range of health issues, underscoring the importance of hormones in maintaining overall health and well-being.
Glands are specialized organs that produce and secrete substances necessary for various bodily functions. They can be categorized into two main types: endocrine glands and exocrine glands.
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, where they travel to target organs and tissues to exert their effects. Major endocrine glands include:
1. Pituitary Gland: Often referred to as the "master gland," it controls other endocrine glands and secretes hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
2. Thyroid Gland: Produces hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, energy generation, and growth.
3. Parathyroid Glands : Small glands located behind the thyroid gland that regulate calcium levels in the blood through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
4. Adrenal Glands : Located on top of the kidneys, they produce hormones like cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone, which help manage stress, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pineal Gland: Secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal biological rhythms.
6. Pancreas: Has both endocrine and exocrine functions; its endocrine part secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
7. Gonads (Ovaries and Testes): Produce sex hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are vital for reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics.
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to specific body surfaces or cavities. These products include enzymes, sweat, saliva, and other substances. Major exocrine glands include:
1. Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, which contains enzymes that begin the digestion of food in the mouth.
2. Sweat Glands: Located throughout the skin, they produce sweat to help regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
3. Sebaceous Glands: Found in the skin, they secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
4. Mammary Glands: Specialized glands in mammals that produce milk to nourish offspring.
5. Pancreas: The exocrine part secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food.
6. Liver: Produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to help digest fats.
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